common de-icing agents

SODIUM CHLORIDE AS DE-ICING AGENT

Sodium chloride is used as de-icing agent it is an effective de-icing agent. At a temperature above -6 centigrade sodium chloride works as an excellent de-icing agent.

 DISADVANTAGES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AS DE-ICING AGENT

 Although sodium chloride is an effective de-icing agent but it is also corrosive to motor vehicles and to concrete structures like bridges.

 Secondly after melting of ice or snow sodium chloride join the water bodies with ice water and creates problems for the aquatic life like fishes, vegetation etc.

CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS DE-ICING AGENT

 calcium chloride is also used for the same purpose i.e de-icing agent. calcium chloride work is de-icing agent at a temperature as low as minus 32 centigrade. This shows that chloride chloride is more effective de-icing agent than sodium chloride. secondly calcium chloride dissolution in ice melted water is an exothermic process which further helps in melting of the ice are snow. calcium chloride solution is also used is de-icing agent.

DISADVANTAGES OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS DE-ICING AGENT.

 Calcium chloride corrosive properties are more than sodium chloride. secondly calcium chloride is more expensive than NaCl while NaCl is a cheap material. Although both sodium chloride and calcium chloride are excellent de-icing agent and people are using them from years but their disadvantages make them not an ideal solution for the de-icing of roads in the winter seasons.

THE DOUBLE SALT CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE

 The double salt calcium magnesium acetate which is the result of modern research, is more effective de-icing agent than sodium chloride and calcium chloride. According to modern research calcium magnesium acetate is prepared from organic food waste and fermentation processes. Northern America uses 21% of calcium chloride in the de-icing of roads and 27% is consumed to control dust. calcium chloride is a hygroscopic substance due to which it helps in aggregation of dust particles .

INORGANIC DRYING AGENTS

            MOST COMMON INORGANIC DRYING AGENTS

DRYING AGENTS ARE OF TWO TYPES ON THE BASIS OF THEIR  REACTIVITY WITH WATER

1)                Drying agents that react reversibly with water.

2)                Drying reagents that irreversibly react with water.

Following are some the reasons due to which a great deal of care is required while drying reagent selection.

    There are some substances which react with water when we remove water from them drying agents

2    Research data has shown that most of the drying agent violently reacts with water while drying wet solvent with dehydrating agents.

3    Mg(ClO₄)₂ which is a very effective drying agents ,but still not use because of risk of explosions.

Concentrated H₂SO₄,Alkali metals , alkalian earth metals ,Silica gel and molecular sieves are the commonly used dehydrating agent used in chemistry.

Solvent drying agents

For water removal from solvents anhydrous salts are used these are inert and effective drying agents. Examples of such anhydrous salts are MgSO₄, CaCl₂, CaSO₄ etc.

          DRYING AGENTS THAT REACT IRREVERSIBLY WITH WATER

In this category following reagents are included

1     Calcium and Magnesium are used for drying alcohol.

2   Calcium hydride is used for drying a number of solvents but it is not suitable for lower aldehyde and alcohols.

    LiAlH4 is used for hydrocarbons and ethers. Sodium is also used  extensively an efficient  drying agent for removing water from hydrocarbons or ethers, but  sodium also react reacts alcohols, and is not appropriate for drying halogenated solvents.

DRYING AGENTS FOR USE IN DESICCATORS AND DRYING TUBES

The most effective drying agents in this connection are anhydrous CaCl2, CaSO₄, KOH and P₂O₅.

They are the most appropriate agents for drying samples in desiccators. Appropriate drying agents can be used for drying gases , gases are passed   through  drying  tubes  packed  with  a  suitable agent,  but  possible  reaction  of  the  gas  with  the  drying agent must  be  considered.

 The most common drying agent which is used in desiccators is P₂O₅,it react with water results in the formation of a brown, viscous layer on the surface of the  anhydrous  powder,  thereby  shortening  its  dehydrating ability

APLASTIC ANEMIA

APLASTIC ANEMIA

When the body failed to generate sufficient blood cells such a condition is known is aplastic anemia.

 EFFECTS ON THE BODY

 Aplastic anemia affects the body badly and following effects are more prominent on the body

I)                  Fatigued feeling

II)               High risk of infection

III)            Un-control bleeding

 This disorder may occur at any stage of life.

 SYMPTOMS

Following are some of the symptoms of this disorder

1)    Fatigue

2)    Shortness of breath with exertion

3)     Pale skin

4)     Skin Rash

5)    Headache

6)    Prolonged bleeding from gum  

7)    Long infection

 RISK FACTORS

 This disorder is a very rare and it has the following factor which increase is the risk.

Exposing body to high concentration of radiations

 Entry of the toxic material into the body

 Certain drugs ingestion like chloramhenical.

 Certain blood diseases etc.

 PREVENTION

 Generally there is no way to prevent yourself from this disorder but there are some step if we follow them we can protect ourselves up to some extent from this disorder .

These are safety steps are avoiding body exposure to insecticides, herbicides, organic solvent another toxic chemicals. These safety steps may lower the risk of this disorder.

DIAGNOSIS

Normally doctor recommends the following two tests to confirm the Aplastic anemia.

1)    Blood tests to check the red blood cell, white blood cell and platelets levels.

2)    Bone marrow biopsy.

 TREATMENT

 This disorder can be treated by

1)    Medication

2)    Blood transfusion or stem cell transfusion.

FUEL CELLS FOR POWERING THE VEHICLES RUNNING ON THE RODS.

FUEL CELLS FOR POWERING THE VEHICLES RUNNING ON THE RODS.

During the twentieth century,  a great deal of research was  done to gain  the  electrical  energy  from  fuel  cells.  To get Electrical energy  and  drinking water for the Gemini, Apollo and space shuttle  missions the alkaline fuel cells and phosphoric acid fuel cells were effectively used. Hydrogen and only H₂O is obtained during the combustion of H₂ which indicates H₂ as an environmental friendly clean fuel. This also indicates that H₂ can be used  an  ideal fuel for the  millions of vehicles running on the roads. In a number of cities throughout the world there are buses, Daimler-Benz no-emission bus (the Nebus) (which uses H₂ as fuel . Another project which was started at the end of 2001 which is known as DaimlerChrysler launched the Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) project , and in a number of cities fuel cell buses were introduced for transportation. Although this technology was outstanding but there were some problems like  cost of fuel storage and safety . in general H₂ gas is considered to be an explosive gas and most of the people who uses H₂ ,they considered H₂ is very danger fuel than hydrogen fuel .There is another problems  using  use  H₂ as a  fuel , Is  the  present  infrastructure( that for  fuel distribution and refueling) for automobile transport systems  is  planned  for  hydrocarbons (carbon-fuel)  fuels.  So converting hydrocarbons fuel base transport system into H₂-fuel based transport would extremely costly.

Presently the engineering are planning to convert millions of vehicles running  on rode into fuel cell and are trying to remove the hurdles in this path.

Diseases Caused by a Misfolded Protein

Diseases Caused by a Misfolded Protein

 Mad cow disease which is in medical terms known as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is not produced by any microorganism like bacteria or virus, but  by a misfolded protein in the brain termed as prion.

Cause and effect on brain

The actual reason for the conversion prion to misfolded protein is still unknown. In this diseases the cell of the brain beomes very weak and the brain has a spong like  look or appearance.due to the weakening or deterioration  loss of mental function occur and the cow acts strangely that why this diseae is also nown as mad cow disease. This disease is fatal and not cureable but this dises is not contagious or trammissible.  

Time for first exposure

This disease require several years to show its symptoms or signs of diseases but after this it developed very rapidly. Misfolded proteins also causes other disease too which have symptoms similar to that of the mad cow daises.

First time reported.

 It is believed that mad cow disease for the first time reported in the  U.K.  In 1985.it is believed that the cow got the disease by eating bone meal made from scrapie-infected sheep.

 The  human  form  of  the  disease

 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD),   is consider to the human form of the disease. It is very rare and apparently arises spontaneously. Accoding to the research average age of the person with dis daises or CJD is 64.

Modern research

However further research was done and in 1994 in the U.K several cases of the disease appeared. The persons suffering from this disease now reported uptill now are 200.  The most recent research have shown that this  new  variant  Creutzfeldt–Jakob  disease  (vCJD)  is  triggered  by  eating  meat  obtained of an animal infected with the disease.

Balancing of chemical equation

Balancing of chemical equation

For the quantative study a chemical reaction a balance chemical equation is necessary.Following are the steps for developing of a balancing of chemical equation 

Chemical change description

  Powdery magnesium oxide magnesium is produced when Magnesium strip burns in oxygen gas.  Converting this description into a balanced equation completes in following steps

Step number 1:- In this step Translation of the statement done.

  The  species  present  before  the  change,  called  reactants( in this case magnesium and Oxygen gas),  are kept on the left  side of a  arrow, the arrow  points to the specie obtained during the change, called products ( in this case magnesium oxide).

                                      

Step number number  2 :- In this step balancing of atoms is done.

Atoms of each element  on the left and the right of the arrow  should be equal .While balancing atoms of one element should be balanced at a time. Balance the complex substance first and then simple one.

Oxygen balancing

     In the above equation  MgO is the most complex substance, to balance oxygen atoms on both sides well place 2 as coefficient before MgO  because reactant side has two oxygen while product has one oxygen.

                                         

Magnesium balancing

The above equation shows that there are 2 atoms of Mg  on the right side of arrow while one atom of Mg on the left side ,so a coefficient 2 is put before Mg on the left side of of the above equation.

                                       

Finally Checking atoms of all the elements  is done.

    

Step number 3 :- In this step the state of species involved in the reaction is Specified.

In the above reaction Mg  and MgO both are in solid state that’s why (s) has been used for them while oxygen is in the gaseous state so (g) has been used for it.

ALUMINIUM Al+3 TOXICITY AND ALUMINIUM METAL LIGHTENING THE LOAD

ALUMINIUM Al⁺³ TOXICITY AND ALUMINIUM METAL    LIGHTENING THE LOAD

Toxicity of Al⁺³

It has been supposed for a long time that Al⁺³ is nontoxic for human. Al(OH)₃ is recommended for the  anti-acid treatment for ingestion while Al(SO₄)₃is used for the drinking water treatment. Research has shown Al⁺³ is toxic for patient having kidney failure issue who are unable to excrete the metal. Similarly people with Alzheimer disease have Al salts accumulated on their brain.

ALUMINIUM METAL    LIGHTENING THE LOAD

Aluminium is of group 3 element its physical and chemical properties are responsible for vast application. Aluminium  is a

i)                   Light metal

ii)                High thermal and electrical conductivity.

iii)              Easily machined

iv)              High reflectance

v)                Show resistance to corrosion due oxide layer formation on its surface.

But at the time pure aluminium is a soft metal and due to lack of strength its alloy are prepared . during alloy formation less than 2% other elements are added to Al.

The process of alloy formation and the chemical composition determined the properties of alloy.

Al/Mg Alloy.

The most oldest alloy of aluminium with magnesium which has wide applications has the properties of

i)                    good ductility

ii)                Corrosion resistance.

It also contains traces amount of Si and Fe and has a good strength.

Al/Si Alloy, Al/Li Alloy

Al/Si Alloy has higher density than Al/Li Alloy and is in welding of wires while Al/Li Alloy has high elasticity and when Cu is added to this Alloy it not only  increases its density but also its strength and corrosion resistance ability.

Use in construction

Aluminium Alloy are used to prepare walls, gutters and windows frames and door in construction .Aluminium Alloy has

i)                   Low mass or weight

ii)                High resistance to corrosion

iii)              Good strength

The above three properties are responsible for the extensive use of aluminum alloy in construction.

In transport

In transport there are two major problems  i) weight   ii) fuel consummation

The Al/Cu/Mg Alloy are used in aircrafts while the Al/Cu alloy of aluminium is used in the space vehicles and satellites.

 Industries

In making Cooking utensils, refrigerators bodies, air condition units etc. Aluminium Alloy is extensively used.

Aluminium Bronze
Aluminium in the power form is known as aluminium bronze and is used in the manufacturing of aluminium paint.

   

Solvents and Coffee connections

Solvents and Coffee connections from chemistry                     point of view 

Two beans are obtained as the pulp is removed of the berry .Each bean has 1 t0 2% caffeine. These beans are then process to obtained coffee. The coffee is in power form and due to large surface area it easily soluble in hot water. Those people who like the smell and gain a feeling of satisfaction from the smell and taste of coffee also like decaffeinated coffee but they do not like or cannot tolerate coffee having caffeine. Now question arises how to remove caffeine from coffee so it becomes satisfying for the coffee drinker. The taste of coffee is due to caffeine and other organic compounds in it .caffeine and other organic components of coffee are non-polar however caffeine has some polar bonds which are which responsible for its solubility in hot water. Other non-polar solvents like carbon tetra chloride and are hazardous that’s why they are not use for caffeine extraction. Presently nearly in all coffee preparation carbon dioxide and water are used as solvents. Caffeine is also a very valuable and has a number of applications like    

      1)  It is used in the pharmaceutical industry 
    2)  It is used in soft drinks etc.

WATERMELON JUICE AS HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE

BENEFITS OF WATERMELON  FROM  HOMEOPATHIC POINT OF VIEW.

In Ancient time athletes are using different natural synthetic products to enhance their athletic Prowers. For example ancient Greeks athletes used mushrooms, ginseng root, and opium for this purpose. With passage of times different drugs were prepared to enhance the athletic power but due their short term and long terms sides returned back the focus of athletes to the natural products as a safer alternative to drugs.

Carbohydrates, acids, vitamins are some the essential components of  Watermelon  which are very useful for human body. L-Citrulline which is an essential ingredient of watermelon. L-Citrulline stimulator for the production of nitric oxide Nitric oxide (NO)   within human body which travels freely from one cell to another supporting a number of biological functions like

1 1)     act as an intracellular messenger

2 2)    Act as a hormone

3 3)    Act as a neurotransmitter.

4 4)     Body builders requires  more amount of it for doing  hard physical activities

Water melon Used as a homeopathic treatment for renal failure disease and its use for dialysis became wide spread. . L-Citrulline can be converted into L-arginine . L-arginine then used in the synthesis of nitric oxide.

Juice of watermelon nowadays is used to relieve post-exercises muscle soreness.

Watermelon juice has certain chemical which in removal of lactic acid to enhance athletes performance.

It can be used as antioxidants.

It keeps body hydrated secondly it has an extremely low in calories—only 46 per cup, compared to 86 calories per cup for blueberries and 56 per fruit for one peach.

The sugar content in the water melon juice is also low. The sugar in water melon juice is  fructose.

Heart Attack causes,symptoms and treatment

                                                        HEART ATTACK 

THE FACTORS THAT INCREASES THE RISK OF HEART    DISEASES

 1)    Excess cigrate smoking

2    2)  Alcohol drinking

3   3)   Presence of hypertension,

4   4)    Obesity

5   5)  Diabetes

    6) A family past history of heart disease.

MECHANISM OF DEVELOPING OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

There occurs a deposition of following materials in the internal coating of an artery.

1   1)   fatty materials- cholesterol

2   2)    triglycerides

3   3) cellular waste products

4   4) calcium ( this Ca (calcium) is not of food supplements)

5   5) Other substances

This deposition is known as plaque. In early stages atherosclerosis starts and as people grow older it progresses rapidly. Research shows that in the process damage to the innermost layer of the artery, the endothelium occurs.

Bad and good cholesterol

Good Cholesterol has high-density lipoprotein or represented as HDL while bad Cholesterol has low-density lipoprotein or represented as LDL. Whenever there is excess LDL cholesterol present in the blood gradually deposited on the inner lining of the arteries and finally form plaques that clog the arteries (atherosclerosis). The subsequent result may be heart attack, or stroke.

SYMPTOMS OF HREAT ATTACK

1)    Cold sweats

2)    Nausea or vomiting

3)    Lightheadedness

4)    Anxiety, indigestion

5)    Unexplained  fatigu

FIRST AID OR IMMEDIATE TREATMENT

1)    Call 1122 or your local emergency number.

2)      Provide the aspirin to the patient if he is no allergenic to aspirin.

If you observe the above symptoms in a person immediate transfer the person to the hospital because these are life threating symptoms and immediate treatment or transfer to hospital not only decreased the damage but also save lives.

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